Uplink Transmission Control Methods in LSA-Enabled Cellular Networks

As of now, multiple approaches to increasing network throughput are being studied. For instance, mmWave communications are expected to deliver increase in network throughput to 7 Gbps over 60 and 28 GHz. As a consequence of increasing frequency, the range of communication decreases, but new possibilities arise, such as directional transmissions. Another approach is offloading traffic onto neighbors in case they are connected to a faster link. In case of mobile devices it leads to decreased battery lifetime and increase of power consumption. Another approach is reusing stale bands that were reserved for services that are obsolete and/or defunct. However, there are cases when stale bands are allocated to services that are not defunct, but their activity is low. In this case, it is impossible to reallocate the bands. Despite that, it is still possible to use these bands by using LSA approach by sharing bands between the original owner (incumbent) and licensee. Licensee will need to satisfy the terms of the licensed sharing by keeping the interference power below the threshold and vacating the bands when latter are requested by incumbent. Hence, we must not use shared bands for delay-sensitive traffic or mission-critical services. One possible application of LTE LSA is non-critical IoT devices that are linked to the power grid (weather stations). Therefore, we should balance between satisfying license agreement terms and keeping the network operational. We also need to realize that LSA approach can be applied in cases when location of the incumbent changes rapidly. In this work, power control methods developed for LSA-enabled cellular networks are given. These methods were built for dynamic LSA scenarios, when position of the incumbent changes rapidly and licensee has to readjust power limits on the infrastructure. Aside from that, some minor improvements that were done to the algorithms are described, as well as practical operation example is shown

ML-Assisted Beam Selection via Digital Twins for Time-Sensitive Industrial IoT

In this article, we propose a machine learning (ML)-assisted beam selection framework that leverages the availability of digital twins to reduce beam training overheads and thus facilitate the efficient operation of time-sensitive IoT applications in dynamic industrial environments. Our approach employs a digital twin of the environment to create an accurate map-based channel model and train a beam predictor that narrows the beam search space to a set of candidate configurations. To verify the proposed concept, we perform shooting-and-bouncing ray (SBR) modeling for a reconstructed 3D model of an industrial vehicle calibrated using the real-world millimeter-wave (mmWave) propagation data collected during a measurement campaign. We confirm that lightweight ML models are capable of predicting the optimal beam configuration while enjoying considerably smaller size compared to the map-based channel model.acceptedVersionPeer reviewe

Path Loss Characterization for Intra-Vehicle Wearable Deployments at 60 GHz

In this work, we present the results of a wideband measurement campaign at 60 GHz conducted inside a Linkker electric city bus. Targeting prospective millimeter-wave (mmWave) public transportation wearable scenarios, we mimic a typical deployment of mobile high-end consumer devices in a dense environment. Specifically, our intra-vehicle deployment includes one receiver and multiple transmitters corresponding to a mmWave access point and passengers' wearable and hand-held devices. While the receiver is located in the front part of the bus, the transmitters repeat realistic locations of personal devices (i) at the seat level (e.g., a hand-held device) and (ii) at a height 70 cm above the seat (e.g., a wearable device: augmented reality glasses or a head-mounted display). Based on the measured received power, we construct a logarithmic model for the distance-dependent path loss. The parametrized models developed in the course of this study have the potential to become an attractive ground for the link budget estimation and interference footprint studies in crowded public transportation scenarios.Comment: 4 pages, 8 figures, 1 table, accepted to EuCAP 201

Uplink Transmission Control Methods in LSA-Enabled Cellular Networks

As of now, multiple approaches to increasing network throughput are being studied. For instance, mmWave communications are expected to deliver increase in network throughput to 7 Gbps over 60 and 28 GHz. As a consequence of increasing frequency, the range of communication decreases, but new possibilities arise, such as directional transmissions. Another approach is offloading traffic onto neighbors in case they are connected to a faster link. In case of mobile devices it leads to decreased battery lifetime and increase of power consumption. Another approach is reusing stale bands that were reserved for services that are obsolete and/or defunct. However, there are cases when stale bands are allocated to services that are not defunct, but their activity is low. In this case, it is impossible to reallocate the bands. Despite that, it is still possible to use these bands by using LSA approach by sharing bands between the original owner (incumbent) and licensee. Licensee will need to satisfy the terms of the licensed sharing by keeping the interference power below the threshold and vacating the bands when latter are requested by incumbent. Hence, we must not use shared bands for delay-sensitive traffic or mission-critical services. One possible application of LTE LSA is non-critical IoT devices that are linked to the power grid (weather stations). Therefore, we should balance between satisfying license agreement terms and keeping the network operational. We also need to realize that LSA approach can be applied in cases when location of the incumbent changes rapidly. In this work, power control methods developed for LSA-enabled cellular networks are given. These methods were built for dynamic LSA scenarios, when position of the incumbent changes rapidly and licensee has to readjust power limits on the infrastructure. Aside from that, some minor improvements that were done to the algorithms are described, as well as practical operation example is shown

Ray-Based Modeling of Unlicensed-Band mmWave Propagation Inside a City Bus

In the wake of recent hardware developments, augmented, mixed, and virtual reality applications – grouped under an umbrella term of eXtended reality (XR) – are believed to have a transformative effect on customer experience. Among many XR use cases, of particular interest are crowded commuting scenarios, in which passengers are involved in in-bus/in-train entertainment, e.g., high-quality video or 3D hologram streaming and AR/VR gaming. In the case of a city bus, the number of commuting users during the busy hours may exceed forty, and, hence, could pose far higher traffic demands than the existing microwave technologies can support. Consequently, the carrier candidate for XR hardware should be sought in the millimeter-wave (mmWave) spectrum; however, the use of mmWave cellular frequencies may appear impractical due to the severe attenuation or blockage by the modern metal coating of the glass. As a result, intra-vehicle deployment of unlicensed mmWave access points becomes the most promising solution for bandwidth-hungry XR devices. In this paper, we present the calibrated results of shooting-and-bouncing ray simulation at 60 GHz for the bus interior. We analyze the delay and angular spread, estimate the parameters of the Saleh-Valenzuela channel model, and draw important practical conclusions regarding the intra-vehicle propagation at 60 GHz.acceptedVersionPeer reviewe

Characterizing mmWave Radio Propagation at 60 GHz in a Conference Room Scenario

In this paper, we provide a shooting and bouncing ray (SBR) based simulation study of mmWave radio propagation at 60 GHz in a typical conference room. The room geometry, material types, and other simulation settings are verified against the results of the measurement campaign at 83 GHz in [15]. Here, we extend the evaluation scenario by randomly scattering several human-sized blockers as well as study the effects of human body blockage models. We demonstrate that multiple knife-edge diffraction (KED) models are capable of providing meaningful results while keeping the simulation duration relatively short. Moreover, we address another important scenario, where transmitters and receivers are located at the same heights and are moving according to a predefined trajectory that corresponds, for example, to device-to-device interactions or inter-user interference.acceptedVersionPeer reviewe

On the benefits of ray-based modeling for analyzing on-body MmWave systems

While optimizing the system-level performance in a network of advanced high-end wearables, millimeter-wave (mmWave) medium access protocols may benefit from leveraging the information on the spatial and temporal dynamics of the radio channel. In this paper, we aim to bridge the existing gap in mmWave on-body propagation studies by analyzing the channel structure based on an extensive shooting-and-bouncing ray simulations. Particularly, we model a set of on-body trajectories and illustrate the evolution of the core channel parameters as well as address the specifics of their dynamics, which can be exploited in subsequent protocol development. As a key contribution of this study, we propose a methodology for processing and applying the simulation data as well as illustrate our approach through an example of estimating the effects of directionality and antenna beam misalignment. Our results and data, also available online, facilitate the system-level analysis and performance evaluation of various on-body mmWave systems.acceptedVersionPeer reviewe

Path Loss Characterization for Intra-Vehicle Wearable Deployments at 60 GHz

In this work, we present the results of a wide-band measurement campaign at 60 GHz conducted inside a Linkker electric city bus. Targeting prospective millimeter-wave (mmWave) public transportation wearable scenarios, we mimic a typical deployment of mobile high-end consumer devices in a dense environment. Specifically, our intra-vehicle deployment includes one receiver and multiple transmitters corresponding to a mmWave access point and passengers' wearable and handheld devices. While the receiver is located in the front part of the bus, the transmitters repeat realistic locations of personal devices (i) at the seat level (e.g., a hand-held device) and (ii) at a height 70 cm above the seat (e.g., a wearable device: augmented reality glasses or a head-mounted display). Based on the measured received power, we construct a logarithmic model for the distance-dependent path loss. The parametrized models developed in the course of this study have the potential to become an attractive ground for the link budget estimation and interference footprint studies in crowded public transportation scenarios.acceptedVersionPeer reviewe